What the Energy Cycles of Other Planets Can Tell Us About Climate Change on Earth

Scientists sometimes think of a planet’s atmosphere as an engine. Potential energy, supplied by heat from a parent star, is converted into kinetic energy, producing winds that swirl around the planet and drive storms.

This heat engine on Earth has become more efficient because of climate change, and greater efficiency is not necessarily positive in this context. It could mean more dangerous cyclones, hurricanes and storms on Earth, according to a team of planetary scientists who are applying their understanding of the energy cycles of other planets to Earth’s disrupted climate patterns under human-induced climate change.

“We found the efficiency of converting potential energy into kinetic energy increased over the past 35 years so that there is more kinetic energy available to develop more storms,” said Liming Li, a planetary scientist at the University of Houston.

LI and his colleagues recently published their research in the journal Nature Communications. The work was supported through the Planetary Data Archiving, Restoration, and Tools (PDART) program. NASA Astrobiology provides resources for this and other Research and Analysis programs within the NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) that solicit proposals relevant to astrobiology research.

Climate scientists have been warning that destructive storms will be a greater threat as the planet warms. The new study shows that the atmosphere’s energy cycle could be one way to “diagnose” and understand that storm activity, Li said.

Li and his colleagues have been analyzing data from NASA’s Cassini mission to the Saturnian system and the Juno mission to Jupiter to study the atmospheres of other worlds in the Solar System. Li has been a participating scientist on on a number of Cassini and Juno’s instruments. His team found that Saturn’s biggest moon, Titan, has a balanced energy budget (just like Earth), and the team investigated how a giant storm on Saturn, tens of thousands of kilometers wide, changed how the planet absorbed solar power.

Li thought his research about planetary energy for the outer planets could be relevant for Earth, too.

“I wanted to apply these ideas of planetary energy to our home planet —Earth — to examine if the energy cycle can help us better understand on-going climate change,” Li said.

In 1955, the MIT scientist Edward Lorenz—who gave us chaos theory and “the butterfly effect”—came up with a complex formula to explain how potential energy is converted into kinetic energy in the atmosphere. The so-called Lorenz energy cycle is known to influence climate and weather. Past studies looking at variations in the cycle covered short periods of time, only up to 10 years, not long enough to link those observations to well-documented recent changes in the climate, like global warming.

“Our study is the first to check [the energy cycle’s] long-term temporal variations, which is mainly based on the modern satellite observations,” Li said.

To calculate potential and kinetic energies, Li and his colleagues looked at data on wind and temperature fields gathered by ground-based observatories and satellites between 1979 and 2013. The researchers found that the total mechanical energy of the global atmosphere was basically the same over time, but the kinetic energy linked to storms appeared to be on the rise.

“The long-term increasing trend is somehow a surprise,” Li said.

Li explained that one way to measure the efficiency of a heat engine is to look at the ratio between the incoming energy and dissipating energy. The study also found an increase in the dissipation of energy over time, implying that our atmospheric engine is working with greater efficiency.

This new research probably won’t directly affect climate-change predictions beyond the more general forecast of more storms in the future, Li said. The study did, however, identify some hotspots where the positive trend in storm energies seems to be particularly strong. Most of those hotspots were in the Southern Hemisphere, notably the storm track around Antarctica. But increased storm energies were also found over the central Pacific Ocean, where scientists have already documented an intensification of tropical cyclones.

One group of scientists has already calculated the Lorenz energy budget for Mars, and with better observations of other planets, Li said it will be possible to do comparative studies of planetary atmospheres.

Such studies would provide us a “wide perspective” to understand atmospheric and climate systems, Li said.

“In particular, the past climate evolution on Mars, in which Mars changed from a warm and wet planet to the current cold and dry world, will help us better understand and predict the climate change on our home planet,” Li added.