 
        
        	Phosphorus is a key element in biology, and may have been critical to
the origin or early evolution of life on the Earth.  Reduced oxidation
state phosphorus compounds have been shown recently to generate
potentially prebiotic compounds.  These compounds are demonstrated to form
in lightning strikes, and possibly in rocks affected by impact.  I will
review how high energy processes change the oxidation state of phosphorus
and the eventual fate of these compounds on the early Earth.
 Getting Under Europa’s Skin
                    
                    Getting Under Europa’s Skin Tracing Formation and Evolution of Outer Solar System Bodies Through Stable Isotopes and Noble Gas Abundances
                    
                    Tracing Formation and Evolution of Outer Solar System Bodies Through Stable Isotopes and Noble Gas Abundances Photosynthesis, a Planetary Revolution
                    
                    Photosynthesis, a Planetary Revolution Xenon: King of the Gases
                    
                    Xenon: King of the Gases