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2013 Annual Science Report

Carnegie Institution of Washington Reporting  |  SEP 2012 – AUG 2013

Executive Summary

The NASA Astrobiology Institute team led by the Carnegie Institution of Washington is dedicated to the study of the extrasolar planets, solar system formation, organic rich primitive planetary bodies, deep sequestration of CHON volatiles in terrestrial planets, prebiotic molecular synthesis through geocatalysis, and the connection between planetary evolution the emergence, and sustenance of biology – processes central to the missions of the NAI. Our program attempts to integrate the sweeping narrative of life’s history through a combination of bottom-up and top-down studies. On the one hand, we study processes related to chemical and physical evolution in plausible prebiotic environments – circumstellar disks, extrasolar planetary systems and the primitive Earth. Complementary to these bottom-up investigations of life’s origin, we will continue our field and experimental top-down efforts to document the nature of microbial life at extreme conditions, as well as the characterization of organic matter in ancient fossils. Both types of efforts inform our development of biotechnological approaches to life detection on other worlds.

Our team’s research focus on life’s chemical and physical evolution, from the interstellar medium, through planetary systems, to the emergence and detection of life, across six integrated and interdisciplinary areas of research:

1. We continue to apply theory and observations to investigate the nature and distribution of extrasolar planets both through radial velocity and astrometric methods, the composition of circumstellar disks, early mixing and transport in young disks, and late mixing and planetary migration in the Solar System, and Solar System bodies.

2. We conduct observational analytical research on the volatile and organic rich Solar System Bodies by focusing on astronomical surveying of outer solar system objects and performing in-house analyses of meteorite, interplanetary dust particle, and Comet Wild 2/81P samples with an emphasis on characterizing the distribution, state and chemical history of primitive organic matter. We continue to study the mechanism of formation of refractory organic solids in primitive bodies and determine the origin of isotopic anomalies in organic solids in primitive solar system materials.

3. We study the origin and evolution of the terrestrial planets with a special emphasis on CHON volatiles, their delivery and retention in the deep interiors of terrestrial planets. We will experimentally investigate how CHON volatiles may be retained even during magma ocean phases of terrestrial evolution. We investigate the early Earth’s recycling processes studying the isotopic composition of diamonds, diamond inclusions, and associated lithologies. We continue to integrate new information from the NASA Messenger Mission to Mercury into the broader context of understanding the inner Solar System planets.

4. We investigate the geochemical steps that may have lead to the origin of life, focusing on identifying and characterizing mineral catalyzed organic reaction networks that lead from simple volatiles, e.g., CO2, NH3, and H2, up to greater molecular complexity. We continue explore the role of minerals to enhance molecular selection, both isomeric and chiral selection, as well as molecular organization on mineral surfaces. We continue to refine our understanding of the evolution of mineralogical complexity in the context of planetary evolution.

5. We continue to study the intersection between geology and biology. We continue to explore how sub-seafloor interactions support deep ocean hydrothermal ecosystems. We study life’s adaption to extremes of pressure, cold, and salinity. We adapt and apply multiple isotopic sulfur geochemistry towards the understanding of microbial metabolism and as a means of detecting ancient metabolisms recorded in the rock record through characteristic sulfur isotopic signatures. We apply state-of-the-art methods to derive chemical and isotopic biosignatures of life in the Earth’s most ancient rocks.

6. CIW NAI is participating in the Mars Science Laboratory Mission, including ChemMin, SAM as well as participating in the planning of Mars 2020.

Fuller understanding of life’s origin, evolution, and distribution requires major advances on all these topics, as well as the extensive challenge of integrating these topics. During the final year of NAI support we anticipate significant progress in each of these six areas, as well as considerable advances derived from integrating these theoretical, experimental, and field studies.

Highlights in the area of CIW NAI during the past year (2012-2013) include the following:

  • The Planet Finding Spectrometer (PFS) was designed and built to achieve world class precision, 1 m s−1, sufficient to detect terrestrial mass and potentially habitable planets around the closest stars. Over the past year the Magellan PFS program has already contributed to the discovery of a handful of low-mass exoplanets, including a Super-Earth in the Habitable Zone.
  • The Carnegie Astrometric Planet Search (CAPS) project at Las Campanas Observatory is underway an astrometric search for gas giant planets and brown dwarfs orbiting nearby low mass dwarf stars in order to detect very low mass companions with orbital periods long enough to permit the existence of habitable, Earth-like planets on shorter-period orbits.
  • Simulations of mixing and transport in marginally gravitationally unstable (MGU) disks have been extended to include an analysis of the time history of a population of individual dust grains, traversing high and low temperature regions of the disk, leading to important implications for the delivery of water to the terrestrial planets.
  • A new study of the spatially resolved spectrum of the disk around TW Hya reveals evidence that an extrasolar planet may be forming quite far from its star—80 AU, about twice the distance Pluto is from our Sun. A partial gap also appears in the disk that could be opened by at 15- 30 Earth mass planet.
  • A search of the Kepler data set for signs of transiting resonant dust structures associated with identified exoplanets provides information on the current and past architecture of the planetary system, informs future exoplanet imaging probes on a critical component of noise, and provides information on the composition of dust in the system.
  • Observations of objects with 2:1 and 5:2 Kuiper Belt resonances do not show a high fraction of ultra-red objects at low inclinations, indicating that Neptune likely had a much more chaotic migration history in which the trapping and transporting of small objects during migration would have been much more difficult.
  • A comprehensive study of the isotopic, morphologic and chemical properties of organic nanoglobules – sub-micrometer hollow carbonaceous spheres – extracted from different meteorites reveals two distinct classes, one with chemical properties similar to the bulk non-globular organic solids the other with significantly higher aromatic carbon content and heavier isotopic composition possibly a relic of interstellar, material.
  • Ammonia catalyzes the synthesis of organic solids in aqueous formaldehyde and leads to the incorporation of significant nitrogen. The molecular structure of such solids is nearly identical to that observed in primitive chondrites, IDPs, and Comet 81P/Wild 2 particles.
  • Analysis of the organic material in the Tagish Lake meteorite from different fragments reveals an enormous range in elemental, isotopic, and functional group chemistry that is due to parent body processes not to heterogeneity of the accreted organics.
  • Analysis of hydrogen isotopes in Martian meteorites provides evidence for a large new Martian water reservoir, possibly subsurface ice, with D/H values intermediate between Martian mantle and atmosphere.
  • The speciation of C-O-H-N volatiles in alkali aluminosilicate melts and fluids and of silicate dissolved in C-O-H-N fluid has been determined in-situ to 900˚C and > 5 GPa under reducing up to oxidizing redox conditions.
  • Experiments reveal that isotope fractionation effects need to account for the presence of condensed matter (e.g. melts, magmatic fluids), even at conditions at which theoretical models suggest minimal (or nonexistent) isotope fractionation, but are comparable to those of the Earth’s interior.
  • Enormous intramolecular D/H fractionation resulting from molar volume isotope effects exist between different molecular environments within silicate glasses quenched from melts synthesized under upper mantle conditions of T (1400 °C) and P (2 GPa). Such fractionation sheds light on why the D/H of the mantle is different than the oceans.
  • In-situ measurements of methane melting and chemical reactivity up to 80 GPa and 2000 K reveal that methane melts congruently below 40 GPa, hydrogen and elementary carbon appear at temperatures above 1200 K, and heavier alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons (>24 GPa) form in melts above 1500 K.
  • Recent NanaoSIMS analyses of diamonds from the Juina kimberlite field, Brazil reveal that the lowest water content mineral phases are low for oceanic mantle, supporting a mantle model where the subducting slab is wetter, the ambient mantle is drier, and the transition zone is under saturated with water.
  • A very promising abiotic chemical path into the central metabolism leading from pyruvate and glyoxylate into the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle via alpha-ketoglutarate and isocitrate has been found.
  • Certain transition metal sulfide minerals are effective in promoting the partial oxidation of succinate to fumarate under mild aqueous conditions opening up the potential for a dynamic abiotic organic reaction network.
  • Common biomolecules, such as amino acids, when adsorbed on mineral surfaces commonly display two or more adsorption geometries, including competing “standing up” and “lying down” geometries.
  • The prebiotic Earth had a limited mineralogical inventory of an estimated 420 species—only about 8% of today’s diversity. Some minerals invoked in origins of life scenarios may not have been available in the Hadean.
  • The stability of certain amino acids, e.g. glutamic acid, at elevated temperatures in aqueous solutions is dramatically increased under reducing conditions where H2 is present in the aqueous phase—a situation common in deep ocean zones of basalt weathering and serpentinization.
  • Deep-sequencing analyses (tens of thousands of reads) of sub seafloor vent fluids reveal rare groups of archaeal species (<10 in the sample), some of which are known to be dominant groups in the hot sections of active sulfide structures.
  • A high potential is demonstrated for hydrothermal vent viruses to facilitate horizontal gene transfer affecting the host’s physiology and evolutionary history.
  • Multiple sulfur isotopic analysis is able to isolate the nature of changes in the flow of metabolites through the dissimilatory sulfate reduction metabolism of micro-organisms through unique changes in sulfur isotope fractionations.
  • Sedimentary structures arising from the interaction of bacterial biofilms with shoreline sediments leave well-preserved remnants of a complex ecosystem identified in a nearly 3.5 billion-year-old sedimentary rock sequence in Australia.
  • CIW NAI scientists are participating scientists in the Mars Science Laboratory mission on Mars, involved with the Sample Analysis on Mars (SAM) instrument suite.

Publications

  • Agee, C. B., Wilson, N. V., McCubbin, F. M., Ziegler, K., Polyak, V. J., Sharp, Z. D., … Elardo, S. M. (2013). Unique Meteorite from Early Amazonian Mars: Water-Rich Basaltic Breccia Northwest Africa 7034. Science, 339(6121), 780–785. doi:10.1126/science.1228858

  • Alexander, C. M. O. D., Cody, G. D., Kebukawa, Y., Bowden, R., Fogel, M. L., Kilcoyne, A. L. D., … Herd, C. D. K. (2014). Elemental, isotopic, and structural changes in Tagish Lake insoluble organic matter produced by parent body processes. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 49(4), 503–525. doi:10.1111/maps.12282

  • Alexander, C. M. O. D., Howard, K. T., Bowden, R., & Fogel, M. L. (2013). The classification of CM and CR chondrites using bulk H, C and N abundances and isotopic compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 123, 244–260. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.05.019

  • Anglada-Escudé, G., Arriagada, P., Vogt, S. S., Rivera, E. J., Butler, R. P., Crane, J. D., … Jenkins, J. S. (2012). A PLANETARY SYSTEM AROUND THE NEARBY M DWARF GJ 667C WITH AT LEAST ONE SUPER-EARTH IN ITS HABITABLE ZONE. The Astrophysical Journal, 751(1), L16. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/751/1/l16

  • Anglada-Escudé, G., Rojas-Ayala, B., Boss, A. P., Weinberger, A. J., & Lloyd, J. P. (2013). GJ 1214 reviewed. A&A, 551, A48. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219250

  • Archer, P. D., Franz, H. B., Sutter, B., Arevalo, R. D., Coll, P., Eigenbrode, J. L., … Wray, J. J. (2014). Abundances and implications of volatile-bearing species from evolved gas analysis of the Rocknest aeolian deposit, Gale Crater, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 119(1), 237–254. doi:10.1002/2013je004493

  • Arriagada, P., Anglada-Escudé, G., Butler, R. P., Crane, J. D., Shectman, S. A., Thompson, I., … Minniti, D. (2013). TWO PLANETARY COMPANIONS AROUND THE K7 DWARF GJ 221: A HOT SUPER-EARTH AND A CANDIDATE IN THE SUB-SATURN DESERT RANGE. The Astrophysical Journal, 771(1), 42. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/771/1/42

  • Batalha, N. M., Rowe, J. F., Bryson, S. T., Barclay, T., Burke, C. J., Caldwell, D. A., … Welsh, W. F. (2013). PLANETARY CANDIDATES OBSERVED BY KEPLER . III. ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST 16 MONTHS OF DATA. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 204(2), 24. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/204/2/24

  • Benecchi, S. D., & Sheppard, S. S. (2013). LIGHT CURVES OF 32 LARGE TRANSNEPTUNIAN OBJECTS. The Astronomical Journal, 145(5), 124. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/5/124

  • Blake, D. F., Morris, R. V., Kocurek, G., Morrison, S. M., Downs, R. T., Bish, D., … Zorzano Mier, M-P. (2013). Curiosity at Gale Crater, Mars: Characterization and Analysis of the Rocknest Sand Shadow. Science, 341(6153), 1239505–1239505. doi:10.1126/science.1239505

  • Bonal, L., Alexander, C. M. O. D., Huss, G. R., Nagashima, K., Quirico, E., & Beck, P. (2013). Hydrogen isotopic composition of the water in CR chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 106, 111–133. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.009

  • Borucki, W. J., Agol, E., Fressin, F., Kaltenegger, L., Rowe, J., Isaacson, H., … Winn, J. N. (2013). Kepler-62: A Five-Planet System with Planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth Radii in the Habitable Zone. Science, 340(6132), 587–590. doi:10.1126/science.1234702

  • Boss, A. P. (2013). MIXING AND TRANSPORT OF SHORT-LIVED AND STABLE ISOTOPES AND REFRACTORY GRAINS IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS. The Astrophysical Journal, 773(1), 5. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/773/1/5

  • Boss, A. P. (2013). ORBITAL MIGRATION OF PROTOPLANETS IN A MARGINALLY GRAVITATIONALLY UNSTABLE DISK. The Astrophysical Journal, 764(2), 194. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/194

  • Boss, A. P., & Keiser, S. A. (2013). COLLAPSE AND FRAGMENTATION OF MAGNETIC MOLECULAR CLOUD CORES WITH THE ENZO AMR MHD CODE. I. UNIFORM DENSITY SPHERES. The Astrophysical Journal, 764(2), 136. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/136

  • Boss, A. P., & Keiser, S. A. (2013). TRIGGERING COLLAPSE OF THE PRESOLAR DENSE CLOUD CORE AND INJECTING SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES WITH A SHOCK WAVE. II. VARIED SHOCK WAVE AND CLOUD CORE PARAMETERS. The Astrophysical Journal, 770(1), 51. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/770/1/51

  • Bower, D. M., Steele, A., Fries, M. D., & Kater, L. (2013). Micro Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material in Microfossils and Meteorites: Improving a Method for Life Detection. Astrobiology, 13(1), 103–113. doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0865

  • Béky, B., Bakos, G. Á., Hartman, J., Torres, G., Latham, D. W., Jordán, A., … Sári, P. (2011). HAT-P-27b: A HOT JUPITER TRANSITING A G STAR ON A 3 DAY ORBIT. The Astrophysical Journal, 734(2), 109. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/734/2/109

  • De Gregorio, B. T., Stroud, R. M., Nittler, L. R., Alexander, C. M. O. D., Bassim, N. D., Cody, G. D., … Zega, T. J. (2013). Isotopic and chemical variation of organic nanoglobules in primitive meteorites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 48(5), 904–928. doi:10.1111/maps.12109

  • Debes, J. H., Jang-Condell, H., Weinberger, A. J., Roberge, A., & Schneider, G. (2013). THE 0.5-2.22 μm SCATTERED LIGHT SPECTRUM OF THE DISK AROUND TW Hya: DETECTION OF A PARTIALLY FILLED DISK GAP AT 80 AU. The Astrophysical Journal, 771(1), 45. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/771/1/45

  • Farquhar, J., Cliff, J., Zerkle, A. L., Kamyshny, A., Poulton, S. W., Claire, M., … Harms, B. (2013). Pathways for Neoarchean pyrite formation constrained by mass-independent sulfur isotopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(44), 17638–17643. doi:10.1073/pnas.1218851110

  • Fogel, M. L., & Steele, A. (2013). Nitrogen in Extraterrestrial Environments: Clues to the Possible Presence of Life. Elements, 9(5), 367–372. doi:10.2113/gselements.9.5.367

  • Foustoukos, D. I., & Mysen, B. O. (2012). D/H fractionation in the H2–H2O system at supercritical water conditions: Compositional and hydrogen bonding effects. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 86, 88–102. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.003

  • Foustoukos, D. I., & Mysen, B. O. (2013). H/D methane isotopologues dissolved in magmatic fluids: Stable hydrogen isotope fractionations in the Earth’s interior. American Mineralogist, 98(5-6), 946–954. doi:10.2138/am.2013.4419

  • Freiman, Y. A., Grechnev, A., Tretyak, S. M., Goncharov, A. F., & Hemley, R. J. (2013). Sound velocities in solid hydrogen under pressure. Low Temp. Phys., 39(5), 423. doi:10.1063/1.4807043

  • Glavin, D. P., Freissinet, C., Miller, K. E., Eigenbrode, J. L., Brunner, A. E., Buch, A., … Mahaffy, P. R. (2013). Evidence for perchlorates and the origin of chlorinated hydrocarbons detected by SAM at the Rocknest aeolian deposit in Gale Crater. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118(10), 1955–1973. doi:10.1002/jgre.20144

  • Goncharov, A. F., Tse, J. S., Wang, H., Yang, J., Struzhkin, V. V., Howie, R. T., & Gregoryanz, E. (2013). Bonding, structures, and band gap closure of hydrogen at high pressures. Physical Review B, 87(2), None. doi:10.1103/physrevb.87.024101

  • Gupta, N. S., Steele, A., Fogel, M., Griffin, P., Adams, M., Summons, R. E., … Cody, G. D. (2014). Experimental formation of geomacromolecules from microbial lipids. Organic Geochemistry, 67, 35–40. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.11.006

  • Hazen, R. M., & Schiffries, C. M. (2013). Why Deep Carbon?. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 75(1), 1–6. doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.1

  • Hazen, R. M., Downs, R. T., Jones, A. P., & Kah, L. (2013). Carbon Mineralogy and Crystal Chemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 75(1), 7–46. doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.2

  • Hazen, R. M., Downs, R. T., Kah, L., & Sverjensky, D. (2013). Carbon Mineral Evolution. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 75(1), 79–107. doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.4

  • Hazen, R. M., Golden, J., Downs, R. T., Hystad, G., Grew, E. S., Azzolini, D., & Sverjensky, D. A. (2012). Mercury (Hg) mineral evolution: A mineralogical record of supercontinent assembly, changing ocean geochemistry, and the emerging terrestrial biosphere. American Mineralogist, 97(7), 1013–1042. doi:10.2138/am.2012.3922

  • Hsieh, H. H., Kaluna, H. M., Novaković, B., Yang, B., Haghighipour, N., Micheli, M., … Price, P. A. (2013). MAIN-BELT COMET P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS). The Astrophysical Journal, 771(1), L1. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/771/1/l1

  • Jackson, B., Stark, C. C., Adams, E. R., Chambers, J., & Deming, D. (2013). A SURVEY FOR VERY SHORT-PERIOD PLANETS IN THE KEPLER DATA. The Astrophysical Journal, 779(2), 165. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/779/2/165

  • James Cleaves II, H., Michalkova Scott, A., Hill, F. C., Leszczynski, J., Sahai, N., & Hazen, R. (2012). Mineral–organic interfacial processes: potential roles in the origins of life. Chem. Soc. Rev., 41(16), 5502. doi:10.1039/c2cs35112a

  • Kamyshny, A., Oduro, H., Mansaray, Z. F., & Farquhar, J. (2012). Hydrogen Cyanide Accumulation and Transformations in Non-polluted Salt Marsh Sediments. Aquat Geochem, 19(2), 97–113. doi:10.1007/s10498-012-9180-5

  • Kebukawa, Y., David Kilcoyne, A. L., & Cody, G. D. (2013). EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL FORMATION OF ORGANIC SOLIDS IN CHONDRITES AND COMETS THROUGH POLYMERIZATION OF INTERSTELLAR FORMALDEHYDE. The Astrophysical Journal, 771(1), 19. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/771/1/19

  • Lee, N., Hummer, D. R., Sverjensky, D. A., Rajh, T., Hazen, R. M., Steele, A., & Cody, G. D. (2012). Speciation of l -DOPA on Nanorutile as a Function of pH and Surface Coverage Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Langmuir, 28(50), 17322–17330. doi:10.1021/la303607a

  • Leshin, L. A., Mahaffy, P. R., Webster, C. R., Cabane, M., Coll, P., Conrad, P. G., … Moores, J. E. (2013). Volatile, Isotope, and Organic Analysis of Martian Fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover. Science, 341(6153), 1238937–1238937. doi:10.1126/science.1238937

  • Lobanov, S. S., Chen, P-N., Chen, X-J., Zha, C-S., Litasov, K. D., Mao, H-K., & Goncharov, A. F. (2013). Carbon precipitation from heavy hydrocarbon fluid in deep planetary interiors. Nat Comms, 4. doi:10.1038/ncomms3446

  • Marty, B., Alexander, C. M. O., & Raymond, S. N. (2013). Primordial Origins of Earth’s Carbon. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 75(1), 149–181. doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.6

  • Ming, D. W., Archer, P. D., Glavin, D. P., Eigenbrode, J. L., Franz, H. B., Sutter, B., … Moores, J. E. (2013). Volatile and Organic Compositions of Sedimentary Rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars. Science, 343(6169), 1245267–1245267. doi:10.1126/science.1245267

  • Mysen, B. (2013). Effects of fluid and melt density and structure on high-pressure and high-temperature experimental studies of hydrogen isotope partitioning between coexisting melt and aqueous fluid. American Mineralogist, 98(10), 1754–1764. doi:10.2138/am.2013.4449

  • Mysen, B. (2013). Hydrogen isotope fractionation between coexisting hydrous melt and silicate-saturated aqueous fluid: An experimental study in situ at high pressure and temperature. American Mineralogist, 98(2-3), 376–386. doi:10.2138/am.2013.4247

  • Mysen, B. (2013). Structure–property relationships of COHN-saturated silicate melt coexisting with COHN fluid: A review of in-situ, high-temperature, high-pressure experiments. Chemical Geology, 346, 113–124. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.10.006

  • Mysen, B. O. (2012). Silicate-COH melt and fluid structure, their physicochemical properties, and partitioning of nominally refractory oxides between melts and fluids. Lithos, 148, 228–246. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.06.005

  • Mysen, B. O., Mibe, K., Chou, I-M., & Bassett, W. A. (2013). Structure and equilibria among silicate species in aqueous fluids in the upper mantle: Experimental SiO2-H2O and MgO-SiO2-H2O data recorded in situ to 900°C and 5.4 GPa. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118(12), 6076–6085. doi:10.1002/2013jb010537

  • Mysen, B. O., Tomita, T., Ohtani, E., & Suzuki, A. (2014). Speciation of and D/H partitioning between fluids and melts in silicate-D-O-H-C-N systems determined in-situ at upper mantle temperatures, pressures, and redox conditions. American Mineralogist, 99(4), 578–588. doi:10.2138/am.2014.4575

  • Oduro, H., Kamyshny, A., Zerkle, A. L., Li, Y., & Farquhar, J. (2013). Quadruple sulfur isotope constraints on the origin and cycling of volatile organic sulfur compounds in a stratified sulfidic lake. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 120, 251–262. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.06.039

  • Oduro, H., Van Alstyne, K. L., & Farquhar, J. (2012). Sulfur isotope variability of oceanic DMSP generation and its contributions to marine biogenic sulfur emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(23), 9012–9016. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117691109

  • Robertson, P., Endl, M., Cochran, W. D., MacQueen, P. J., & Boss, A. P. (2013). SECRETLY ECCENTRIC: THE GIANT PLANET AND ACTIVITY CYCLE OF GJ 328. The Astrophysical Journal, 774(2), 147. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/774/2/147

  • Roerdink, D. L., Mason, P. R. D., Farquhar, J., & Reimer, T. (2012). Multiple sulfur isotopes in Paleoarchean barites identify an important role for microbial sulfate reduction in the early marine environment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 331-332, 177–186. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.020

  • Roskosz, M., Bouhifd, M. A., Jephcoat, A. P., Marty, B., & Mysen, B. O. (2013). Nitrogen solubility in molten metal and silicate at high pressure and temperature. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 121, 15–28. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2013.07.007

  • Sheppard, S. S. (2012). THE COLOR DIFFERENCES OF KUIPER BELT OBJECTS IN RESONANCE WITH NEPTUNE. The Astronomical Journal, 144(6), 169. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/6/169

  • Shkolnik, E. L., Anglada-Escudé, G., Liu, M. C., Bowler, B. P., Weinberger, A. J., Boss, A. P., … Tamura, M. (2012). IDENTIFYING THE YOUNG LOW-MASS STARS WITHIN 25 pc. II. DISTANCES, KINEMATICS, AND GROUP MEMBERSHIP. The Astrophysical Journal, 758(1), 56. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/758/1/56

  • Smith, D., Scott, J., Steele, A., Cody, G., Ohara, S., & Fogel, M. (2013). Effects of Metabolism and Physiology on the Production of Okenone and Bacteriochlorophyll a in Purple Sulfur Bacteria. Geomicrobiology Journal, 31(2), 128–137. doi:10.1080/01490451.2013.815293

  • Stark, C. C., Boss, A. P., Weinberger, A. J., Jackson, B. K., Endl, M., Cochran, W. D., … Li, J. (2013). A SEARCH FOR EXOZODIACAL CLOUDS WITH KEPLER. The Astrophysical Journal, 764(2), 195. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/195

  • Starke, V., Kirshtein, J., Fogel, M. L., & Steele, A. (2013). Microbial community composition and endolith colonization at an Arctic thermal spring are driven by calcite precipitation. Environmental Microbiology Reports, None, n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12063

  • Starkey, N. A., Franchi, I. A., & Alexander, C. M. O. D. (2013). A Raman spectroscopic study of organic matter in interplanetary dust particles and meteorites using multiple wavelength laser excitation. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 48(10), 1800–1822. doi:10.1111/maps.12196

  • Stern, J. C., McAdam, A. C., Ten Kate, I. L., Bish, D. L., Blake, D. F., Morris, R. V., … Amundsen, H. E. F. (2013). Isotopic and geochemical investigation of two distinct Mars analog environments using evolved gas techniques in Svalbard, Norway. Icarus, 224(2), 297–308. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.010

  • Szponar, N., Brazelton, W. J., Schrenk, M. O., Bower, D. M., Steele, A., & Morrill, P. L. (2013). Geochemistry of a continental site of serpentinization, the Tablelands Ophiolite, Gros Morne National Park: A Mars analogue. Icarus, 224(2), 286–296. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.004

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