"How can the ignorance and arrogance of supporters of the global warming (climate change) hoax be overcome?"
Content with the tag: “phosphorus”
-
Arsenic Bacterium Study: Comments and Authors’ Response
In December of last year, NASA Astrobiology Program Postdoctoral Fellow Felisa Wolfe-Simon and collaborators published a paper online in Science Express describing a bacterium that substitutes arsenic for phosphorus to sustain its growth when in arsenic-rich, phosphorus-depleted medium. Their data showed evidence for arsenate in macromolecules that normally contain phosphate, most notably nucleic acids and proteins. In response to considerable feedback, Science Express has published eight technical comments and a response from Wolfe-Simon and her collaborators. The final version of the original paper will appear in the June 3 print issue of Science....
Source: [Link]
June 1, 2011 / Posted by: Daniella Scalice
-
Phosphorus and the Global Breath of Fresh Air
NAI and Exobiology Program scientists have studied the ratio of phosphorus to iron in ancient marine deposits, and have found that phosphorus levels are linked to the rapid diversification of animal life that began at the end of the Proterozoic era, about 700 million years ago. Their paper appears in a recent issue of Nature.
An increase in atmospheric oxygen at the time provided “raw material” for the evolution of respiration (breathing) and contributed to a protective ozone layer. The end of global “snowball Earth” glaciations likely paved the way for animal life to flourish, too, but...
Source: [Link]
November 12, 2010 / Posted by: Daniella Scalice
-
Strategies for Evolutionary Success - Sulfolipids
Researchers from NAI’s University of Rhode Island Team and their colleagues have studied the use of phosphorus vs. sulfur in the membrane lipid sythesis pathways of organisms resident in the ocean’s subtropical gyres. Their data show that the dominant organism in the phytoplankton, a cyanobacterium, has evolved a “sulfur-for-phosphorus” strategy; producing a membrane lipid containing sulfate and sugar instead of phosphate. This adaptation may have been a major event in Earth’s early history when the relative availability of sulfate and phosphate was different than in today’s oceans. Their paper appears in the June 6th issue of PNAS.
Source: [Link]
July 5, 2006 / Posted by: Shige Abe
- .planetary dynamics 3d simulations 16srrna 17p 26al 55 cancri e 79 ceti 85p 238u/235u 247cm 1999 1999 and 2000 2000 2008 aas abiogenic abiogenic methane abiotic abiotic chemistry abiotic synthesis abscicon abscicon 2010 abundances acarychloris marina accretion acid mine drainage acidophile activity adaptability adaptive optics adenosine triphosphate aerobic aerosol aerosol chemistry aerosol nucleation aerosols akila akilia island alaska algae algal-sarcodine photosymbiotic relationships algal cultures alh84001 alh 84001 alien earths alien life alkaline waters allan hills alpha centauri altiplano aluminum-26 alvin amase amase 2009 american astronomical society american type culture collection amino acid amino acids ammonia ammonia formation ammonium amorphization anaerobic anaerobic metabolism analog analog environments analogue ancient atmospheres ancient dna ancient earth ancient life ancient pathways. andes and k content anerobic methane oxidation animal animal evolution animals anoxia anoxia biomarker permian cambrian terrestrial paleosol oxygen archean proterozoic biogeochemistry extinction euxinia hydrogen sulfide sulfur bacteria anoxic environment anoxygenic photosynthesis antarctica antarctic endolithic communities antarctic lakes antartic antartica antennas apollo missions aqueous alteration archae archaea archaean archaeoglobus archea archean arctic area 9 argon diffusion arid and semi-arid soils aromatic arsenic art asap (astrobiology sample analysis program) aspartic acid assembly astep asteroid asteroid 10537 (1991 ry16) asteroid belt asteroid impacts asteroids asteroids--dynamics astid astrobiology astrobiology (journal) astrobiology drilling program astrobiology journal astrobiology magazine astrobiology small payload astrobiotechnology astrochemical modeling astrochemistry astrometry astronaut astronauts astronomical journal astronomical observations astrophysical journal astrophysical journal letters astrophysics atacama atacama desert atlantis atmopsheric photochemistry atmosphere atmosphere escape atmosphere evolution atmospheric airglow atmospheric carbon dioxide atmospheric chemistry atmospheric evolution atmospheric formation atmospheric photochemistry atmospheric temperature atp-binding proteins australia australian centre for astrobiology autonomous vehicles autotrophic auv avatar avhrr database aviris awards axial volcano subsurface fluids axis bacteria bacterial metagenomes bacteriorhodopsin banded iron formation banded iron formations barrow baruch s. blumberg basalt basaltic basaltic lava basalt tuff basalt weathering baseball beacon valley bif bifs binaries binaries: spectroscopic binary star systems binary systems bioastronomy biochemical adaption biochemistry bioenergetics biofilms biogenic mineral structure biogenic molecules biogeochemical cycles biogeochemistry biogeography biological biology biomarker biomarkers biome biomimetic chemistry biomimetic synthesis biomineralization biopan biosignature biosignatures biosphere biosphere-atmosphere interactions biosustaining energy blue holes bodonids boethin books borehole brine britian brown dwarfs burgess shale-type c-xanes ca cai calcite calcite nano-fibers calcium calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions cambrian cambrian explosion cambrian radiation canada canyon canyons carbon carbon-13 carbonaceous chondrite carbonaceous chondrites carbonate carbonate rocks carbonates carbon chemistry carbon cycle carbon dioxide carbon dioxide ice carbon flux carbon isotopes carbon monoxide cargill salt company cassini catalysis catalytic caves cavity ring-down spectrometer cayman rise cdna celestial mechanics celestial mechanics - methods: n-body simulations - planets and satellites: general - solar system: celestial mechanics. cells chaos charon chelation chemcam chemical catalysis chemical enrichment chemical weathering chemin (chemical and mineralogical xrd/xrf instrument) chemoautotrophy chemolithoautotrophs chemolithtrophic chemostat chemostratigraphy chemosynthetic communities chemotrophs chile chimpanzee china chip chiral chirality chlamydomonad chlorophyll chlorophyll concentration chlorophyll d choanoflagellate chondritic meteorites chronology chrysophyte chrysophytes circumstellar disk circumstellar disks circumstellar dust. citations clathrates climate climate change climate evolution climate model climate modeling climate models clouds cnidaria cnn co-evolution co3 coenzyme m coevolution of life cold environments cold regions cold seeps collaborative technology collaborative tools colors comet comet 176p/linear cometary comet recovery comets comet wild 2 comic book comics community community software complex iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis complex life complex organics composition compound specific isotopic analysis compuational chemistry computational chemistry computer science conference conferences contamination contamination control continental core accretion core collapse cork observatories cork observatory cosmic rays cosmochemistry countermeasures coupled models cryovolcanism cryptoendolith. crystalline water ice crystallography cuatro cienegas cubesat curiosity curium curriculum cyanide cyanobacteria cycling cystallography cytotoxicity d/h d/h ratio dance darwin sequence analysis data data analysis database databases data mining data processing techniques dawn ddf decoherence deep-esp deep biosphere deep impact deep impact extended mission deep marine sediments deep subsurface biosphere deep terrestrial biosphere deepworker definition of life deglaciation degradation dehydratases dehydrogenases deinococci denitrifcation denitrification density functional theory depthx desulfobulbus desulforhopalus detectability detecting life detection methods: transit photometry detection of terrestrial planets deuterium deuterium enrichements deutertation development devonian devon island dice dinosaurs director direct planet detection disk-averaged spectra. disk chemistry disks dissimilatory dissimilatory iron reduction dissolved organic carbon distributed temperature sensor diversity dna dna. dna damage dna sequencing dolomite dolphin doppler spectroscopy dreams drilling drilling on mars dry valley dry valleys dune dust dust activity dust flux dust grains dwarf star dwarf stars dynamical modeling dynamic global vegetation model dynamics dynamics (asteroids) dynamo e. coli ea early animals early atmosphere early atmospheres early earth early earth geochemistry early evolution of life early life early mars early oceans early planetary system evolution early solar system earth earth's early atmosphere earth's early biosphere earth's water earth-like planets earth-moon impact earth-moon system earth and planetary science letters earth and planetary science letters (journal) earth evolution earth formation earthlike planets earthshine earth system east pacific rise eccentricity eclipsing ecogenomics ecosystem model edax ediacara ediacaran education educators eigenbrode ejsm elastic scattering electric discharge electrochemistry electrocorrosion electronic arts electronic structure electron transfer elemental composition elemental cycles element cycling element fractionation elements el nio embedded star formation enceladus encyclopedia of life endosymbiosis endourance endurance england ent environment environmental chemistry environments enzyme enzymes eoarchean eooss epimerases epoxi epr spectroscopy eps erosion esa ethane eubacteria eukaryote eukaryote evolution eukaryotes eukaryotic-specific primers eukaryotic microbial community europa euxinia evaporation evaporite evolution evolution and environment evolution of organic molecules in space exo-planetary systems exobiology exoplanet exoplanet atmospheres exoplanet detection exoplanets exoplanetsat exosolar planets exploration expose express exremophiles extinct radionuclides extra-solar planets extracellular polymeric substances extrasolar life extrasolar moons extrasolar planet extra solar planets extrasolar planets extrasolar planets (detection) extraterrestrial extraterrestrial life extreme conditions extreme environment extreme environments extreme life extremeophile extremeophiles extremephiles extremophiles faint companion farmer fe fe isotopes femo-cofactor femtochemistry femtosecond laser ablation fiction fido field studies fieldwork in april of 1999 in the tinto river located in the huelva district of southwestern spain fingerprint fischer-tropsch catalysis flash flood fluorescence in situ hybridization flux balance analysis focus group folding footprinting formaldehyde formation routes formose forward contamination fossil fossilization fossils fracture frogs fun functional genomics funding fungi fu orionis fuse future of life galaxies galileo galileo extended mission game games ganymede gardening gas gas giants gas phase gcm gene detection gene duplication gene expression gene fusions general genes genetics genome-genome interaction genome evolution genomes genome sequencing genomics genotype-phenotype geobiology geobiology (journal) geochemical geochemical cycles geochemical fellows geochemical record geochemical tca cycle geochemistry geochemsitry geochronology geodynamics geologic mapping geology geology (journal) geomicrobiology geophysics geothermal hot springs geysers giant planet atmosphere giant planet formation giant planet models giant planets glacial ice glacier glaciers glass glavin glutamic acid glycine google google mars gossan graduate students graduate summer school grain growth grain surface chemistry great dying great oxidation even great oxidation event greenhouse effect greenland ground currents groundwater gsfc guaymas basin guerrero negro gullies gypsum habcat habitability habitable extrasolar planets habitable moons habitable planet formation habitable planets habitable star catalog habitable zone habitablity in the universe habitat hadean hadean eon halophiles handbook of star forming regions hard materials haughton crater hawaii hawaiian volcanic rocks hawaii team haze h cluster hd 46375 hd 209458 heavy elements helix 65 helix 66 hematite h escape heterotrophic flagellates high-lakes high-magnesium calcite high-pressure minerals high altitude research high angular resolution high contrast highly siderophile elements high ph high school historical science history of astrobiology holmes homochirality honeybee horizontal gene transfer hot spots hot spring hot springs hubble human human exploration human factors human lunar mission human mars mission huygens hvb hydrate hydrocarbons hydrodynamics hydrogen hydrogenase hydrogen metabolism hydrogen peroxide hydrogen sulfide hydrogeology hydrothermal hydrothermal redox pathway hydrothermal vent hydrothermal vent organisms hydrothermal vents hydroxylamine hyperion hypersaline hypersaline ecosystems hypersalinity hyperthermophiles hyperthermophilic ice ice age ice analogs icebite icebreaker ice chemistry iceland ice physics ices ice shell icy moons icy satellites idaho idps igneous rocks image processing impact impact chronology impact crater impact craters impact flux impact glasses impactites impact melt rocks impacts indirect planet detection inelastic scattering information technology infrared infrared astronomy infrared astrophysics infrared imaging infrared spectroscopy injection innovator of the year inorganic inorganic methane in situ analysis in situ life detection instrumentation in situ pump insoluble organic matter instrument instrumentation instruments integrative astrobiology interdisciplinarity interdisciplinary meeting interdisciplinary symposium international space station international year of astronomy interplanetary dust particles interstellar interstellar chemistry interstellar dust interstellar ice interstellar ices interstellar ices. interstellar medium interstellar molecules interviews in vitro evolution in vitro selection io iodp ionizing radiation ion microprobe iron iron -sulfides iron-sulfur clusters iron-sulfur enzymes iron-sulfur minerals iron-sulfur mineral surface iron concentrations iron formation iron isotope fractionation iron isotopes iron oxide iron oxidizers iron oxidizing bacteria iron reducers iron reduction iron reduction kinetics irons-sulfur surfaces iron spectromicroscopy irradation irradiation ir spectroscopy isomerases isotherms isotope isotope fractionation isotope geochemistry isotope ratio isotopes isotopic fractionation isotopic measurments iss issol iya jack hills jakoba incarcerata jakoba libera jakobids jarosite journal:earth journal: journal of geophysical research journal of bacteriology journal of the american chemical society jpl jupiter k-p boundary kamchatka kbo kbo size distribution kelly lake kepler key nutrient metals kuiper belt kuiper belt objects lab-on-a-chip laboratory laboratory investigation laboratory science laguna negra lake lake bonney lake lander lakes lake untersee landsat tm data laser laser ablation laser desorption lassen lassen volcanic national park late accretion late bombardment late heavy bombardment ldn 673 left-handed lefty level of analysis lexen program life life and environment life detection life elsewhere in the universe life in extreme life in our solar system life in the solar system life in the universe life on land life on mars ligase light light environments lightning li isotopes limits of life linda billings lipids liquid liquid chromatography mass spectrometry liquid hydrocarbons lithic clasts lithium lithophiles living in the microbial world: summer teacher enhancement - august 1999 lmt low-mass low-mass stars low albedo deposits lu-hf isotopes lunar-like satellites lunar evolution lunar exploration lunar impacts lunar samples lysis mafic maghemite magma ocean magnesite magnesium magnet magnetic field magnetic fields magnetic fields - stars magnetite magnets main belt asteroids main belt comet main belt comets maine malawimonas jakobiformis maldi-mass spectrometry mantle mantle convection mantle rocks maps marco polo marine marine; pyrosequencing; diversity; bacteria; archaea; eukaryotes marine ecology marine sediments eukaryotes markers mars mars. mars analog mars analog. mars analogs mars analog site mars analogue mars analogues mars atmosphere mars drill mars environmental chamber mars exploration mars express mars glaciers mars global surveyor mars habitability mars life mars maps mars methane mars on earth mars orbiter mars reconnaissance orbiter mars rovers mars sample return mars science laboratory mars time mars water martian analog martian analogues martian atmosphere martian channels martian dynamo martian meteorite martian meteorites martian oceans mass extinction mass extinctions mass spectrometry mathematical modeling maven mbcs mcmurdo dry valleys m dwarf m dwarfs m dwarf stars media membranes mer mercury messenger metabolic chemistry metabolism metabolism first metabolisms metagehomics metagenome metagenomics metal isotope fractionation metal limitation metalloenzyme evolution metals metal sulfides metamorphism metaphysics metazoans meteor meteorite meteorites meteoritic organics meteors meterite meterorites methane methane cycle methane seeps methanococcus methanogen methanogenesis methanogens methanopyrus methodology mexico micro-oxic environment microbes microbial microbial communities microbial community microbial community population structures microbial diversity microbial ecology microbial ecosystem microbial ecosystems microbial evolution microbial evolutionary processes. microbial geochemistry microbialite microbialites microbial life microbial mat microbial mats microbial mineralization microbial organisms microbiolites microbiology microfluidics microgravity microlensing micrometeorites microorganism microorganisms microrna microscopy migration mike russell miller-urey miller-urey experiments mineral biosignature mineral biosignatures mineral catalysis mineral evolution mineralogy minerals miniature mass spectrometer mirs missions mitochondria mixed cation carbonates mixing mo modeling model interface models modern analog modified minerals mojave molecular-level computer simulations molecular beam molecular biology and evolution (journal) molecular cloud molecular clouds molecular evolution molecular fossils molecular hydrogen molecular mechanics molecular orbitals molecular phylogeny molecular spectroscopy molecular weight molecules molecules of life molybdenum molybdenum isotope fractionation monocarboxylic acids mono lake monterey bay montmorillonite moon moon and planets moons moon to mars morocco mrna mro msl msl (mars science laboratory) m star m stars multi-realizable processes multicellularity multiple-planet system murchison music mutualism mycobacterium tuberculosis mysql mssbauer n-body simulations n/a nad nai nai ames team nai arc team nai asu team nai berkeley team nai cal team nai ciw team nai cub team nai gsfc team nai har team nai hawaii team nai iptai team nai mbl team nai minority institution research support nai mit team nai montana team nai msu team nai postdoctoral fellow nai psu team nai seti team nait-mit nai ua team nai ucb team nai ucla team nai uh team nai university of wisconsin team nai uri team nai uw team nai virus focus group nai vpl nai vpl at jpl nai vpl at jpl team nai vpl at uw team nai wisconsin team nano-fibers nano-satellite nanoparticles nanosatellite nanosatellites nanosats narl nasa arc nasa history nasa jpl nasa ocean biogeochemical model nasa tv nasda national parks native american research laboratories nature (journal) ndvi variations near near earth asteroid rendezvous nebular organics neoproterozoic neptune neteritics and planetary science (journal) new horizons new planets new york times nitrate nitrate reduction nitrification nitrite nitrite reduction nitrogen nitrogenase nitrogen cycle nitrogen cycling nitrogen fixation nitrogen isotopes nitrogen reduction non-el nio non-lte effects nostoc ccmp 2511 nostoc sp. pcc 7120 novel proteins npr ntiric oxide nucleic acids nucleobases numerical simulations nutrient availability o/oreos obituary observations ocean ocean-bottom ocean/atmosphere oxygenation ocean biogeochemical model ocean crust ocean drilling program ocean models ocean redox oceans odyssey olympus mons ophiolites opportunity optical microscopy optimality orbital evolution orbital light curves oreos organic organic-mineral surface interactions organic extraction organic geochemistry organic molecules organics organic synthesis organic templates origin of animals origin of ion channels origin of life origin of ocean origin of transmembrane proteins origins of life origins of protein function orion nebula-like osmium isotopes osmosis outer solar system outgassing outreach oven ovens oxidation oxidative stress oxides oxidize acetate anaerobicallly oxygen oxygenation oxygenation of the atmosphere oxygenic photosynthesis oxygen isotopes ozone ozone production p-t extinction p-t mass extinction pah pale blue blog paleobarometry paleobiology paleoecology paleontology paleoproterozoic paleosol pan-starrs pandora panspermia pao1 parachute parasitism past-ecosystem process model past-sea surface temperature past carbon cycle past climate past net primary production pavilion lake pb-pb pbs pcr pelagophytes pelagosite pelobionts peptide perchlorate perldbi permafrost permian peroxy defects petrology phage phenotypic changes philosophy phoenix phoenix mission phosphate phospholipid fatty acids phosphorus phosphorus limitation photo-dissociation photoacoustics photochemistry photoprocessing photosynthesis photosynthetic photosynthetic communities photsynthesis phyllosilicate phylogenetic phylogenetic analysis phylogeny physiology pigments placozoa planetarium show planetary accretion planetary atmospheres planetary disks planetary dynamics planetary exploration planetary formation planetary geology planetary geologyearly biosphere planetary habitability planetary interiors planetary lake lander planetary oxidation planetary protection planetary protection. mars sample return planetary science planetary systems: formation planetary systems: protoplanetary disks planetesimals planet formation planet formation. planet detection. planetary dynamics. planet migration planets planets and satellites plankton plant-fungal symbioses plants plasma plasticity plate tectonics plate tectonics. playa pnas podcast polar drilling polar wander poles pollen analysis poly(a)-rna polychaetes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polymerase polyphosphate polysaccharides popularization population genetics porifera poster pre-biotic chemistry pre-cambrian pre-main-sequence pre-main sequence stars prebiotic chemistry prebiotic molecules prebiotic soup precambrian precambrian redox environment precambrian research (journal) pre main-sequence - x-rays preservation pre–main‐sequence primer primordial earth primordial life primordial soup probe proceedings of the national academy of sciences (journal) prokaryote prokaryotes propane protein protein enzymes protein evolution proteins proteobacteria proterozoic proterozoic-cambrian proterozoic biogeochemistry proterozoic doushantuo formation proterozoic nama group proterozoic ocean proterozoic sediments protiens proto-metabolism protocells protocellular protocellular catalysts protoplanetary disk protoplanetary disks proxies ps1 pseudomonas aeruginosa psi_blast psychrotolerant public public outreach pyrite pyrosequencing pyroxenes and olivine. pyruvic acid quantifying quantum quantum mechanics quartet radiation radiation chemistry radiative-transfer models radiative transfer radiative transfer model radio radioactivity radiolysis radio new york raman microscope raman spectroscopy raman spectroscopy` rangeomorph rb-sr isotopes rdna reactive oxygen species reactive transport reclinomonas americana redox redox-sensitive metals redox evolution redox processes reduction remote-sensing remote-sensing techniques remote collaboration remote sensing remote sensing database reptiles resurrection ribosomal gene ribosomal rna ribosomal rna phylogeny ribosome ribozyme rio tinto rise of oxygen rna rna display rna world rna world hypothesis robatic robot robotic robotics robots rocky planets rotation rotational lightcurve rover rovers rrna saline salt saltern sam sam (sample analysis at mars) samples satellites saturn scanning electron microscopy science (journal) science fiction scientific american (journal) scorpius-centaurus seafloor seafloor weathering search for life sea surface temperature seawater secondary eclipses secondary structure second genesis second life sediment sediment-buried basement sediments seepage erosion segan medal sensors serpentinization setg shock waves shoemaker short-lived radionucleides short-lived radionuclides siderite signaling signatures of life signs of life silica silicon silicon isotopes silurian sims simulation sinkhole skaftrkatlar lake sleep disruption slime world slime worlds sm-nd small subunit snow snowball earth so2 soft materials software sogin soil soil moisture soil na soils solar-like young stars solar nebula solar panel solar system solar system: formation solar system chronology solar system dynamics solar system evolution solar system formation solar system ices south africa space biology space journalism space shuttle space suit spacesuits space telescope science institute spaceward bound spark discharge specific - 22p/kopff spectral biosignatures spectral fingerprints spectral signatures spectroscopy spectroscopy. spirit spitzer space telescope splicing sponges spore springs sr isotopes stability stable isotopes star-formation star and planet formation stardust stardust samples star formation star forming regions stars stars - x-rays stars: late-type steam atmosphere stellar evolution stellar flares steranes sterols stoichiometry stratosphere stromatolite stromatolites student internship sub-permafrost ecosystem subglacial environments subglacial volcanic lake submersibles subseafloor subseafloor hyperthermophiles subsurface subsurface biosphere subsurface life subsurface liquid subsurface microbiology subterranean plants sulfate sulfate minerals sulfate reducing bacteria sulfate reduction sulfide sulfide minerals sulfides sulfidic cave sulfidic mesoproterozoic ocean sulfur sulfur cycle sulfuric acid speleogenesis sulfur isotope sulfur isotopes sulfur mif summer camp summer school sun sun-like stars super-earth super-earths super earths supergiant star supergiant stars supernova supernova ejecta supertrees surface charge surface chemistry surface free radicals surface temperature and relative humidity surveys survivability svalbard symbioses symbiosis-specific genes symbiotic synchrotron synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 szostak tagish lake tardigrade targeted metal uptake tca cycle teachers technology worlds tectonics tega telomeres temperate-controlled mineral growth templates temporal frameworks teraforming terraforming terrestrial terrestrial atmospheres terrestrial ecosystems terrestrial evolution terrestrial planet finder (tpf) terrestrial planet formation terrestrial planets terrestrial subsurface thalassicolla nucleata theology theoretical/computational chemistry theoretical chemistry thermal and evolved-gas analyzer thermal emission spectrometer thermal evolution thermochemical equilibria thermodynamic model thermometer thermophiles thermus/deinococcus thioredoxins tholin composition analysis tholins tidal dissipation tidal heating time time-of-flight mass spectrometer timescale timetree tinto river titan titanium titan lake lander tools tpf trace elements tracers transiting planets tree of life tree rings triassic triple oxygen isotopes tropical rainforest trunk river tubulins tweets twitter u-tube uk ultra-red ultramafic ultrasmall cells uncultured archaea underwater united kingdom university valley upsilon andromedae uracil uranium uv uv fluorescence uv light uv radiation uv spectroscopy v733 cephei v1647 orionis val vatican vegetation vegetation red-edge vegetation red edge venus viability vibrational spectroscopy video viking viral metagenomes virtual institute virus viruses virus evolution visible-near infrared spectroscopy visualization volatile delivery volatile elements volatile exchange volatiles volcanic volcanism volcano volcanoes voyager vysos vysos (variable young stellar objects survey) wall street journal water water-delivery water-rock reaction water activity water ice water in mantle water on mars water rock interaction weathering web 2.0 website websites weird life well-skeletonized animals wet-chemistry what is life what is life? wobble workbook workshop workshop in molecular evolution at woods hole - august 1999 x-ray diffraction yeast yellowstone yellowstone national park young binaries young stellar objects z-scheme zircon zircons zoe
